Philosophy in the flesh

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Three major findings of cognitive science cast doubt on the past 2,500 years of Western philosophy. Lakoff and Johnson propose to rebuild philosophy from the ground up, starting from clearly known facts about the mind.



What are human beings like? How is knowledge possible? What is truth? Where do moral values come from? Questions like these have stood at the centre of Western philosophy for centuries. In addressing them, philosophers have made certain fundamental assumptions,that we can know our own minds by introspection, that most of our thinking about the world is literal, and that reason is disembodied and universal,that are now called into question by well-established results of cognitive science. It has been shown empirically that:Most thought is unconscious. We have no direct conscious access to the mechanisms of thought and language. Our ideas go by too quickly and at too deep a level for us to observe them in any simple way.Abstract concepts are mostly metaphorical. Much of the subject matter of philosopy, such as the nature of time, morality, causation, the mind, and the self, relies heavily on basic metaphors derived from bodily experience. What is literal in our reasoning about such concepts is minimal and conceptually impoverished. All the richness comes from metaphor. For instance, we have two mutually incompatible metaphors for time, both of which represent it as movement through space: in one it is a flow past us and in the other a spatial dimension we move along.Mind is embodied. Thought requires a body,not in the trivial sense that you need a physical brain to think with, but in the profound sense that the very structure of our thoughts comes from the nature of the body. Nearly all of our unconscious metaphors are based on common bodily experiences.Most of the central themes of the Western philosophical tradition are called into question by these findings. The Cartesian person, with a mind wholly separate from the body, does not exist. The Kantian person, capable of moral action according to the dictates of a universal reason, does not exist. The phenomenological person, capable of knowing his or her mind entirely through introspection alone, does not exist. The utilitarian person, the Chomskian person, the poststructuralist person, the computational person, and the person defined by analytic philosopy all do not exist.Then what does?Lakoff and Johnson show that a philosopy responsible to the science of mind offers radically new and detailed understandings of what a person is. After first describing the philosophical stance that must follow from taking cognitive science seriously, they re-examine the basic concepts of the mind, time, causation, morality, and the self: then they rethink a host of philosophical traditions, from the classical Greeks through Kantian morality through modern analytic philosopy. They reveal the metaphorical structure underlying each mode of thought and show how the metaphysics of each theory flows from its metaphors. Finally, they take on two major issues of twentieth-century philosopy: how we conceive rationality, and how we conceive language. Philosopy in the Flesh reveals a radically new understanding of what it means to be human and calls for a thorough rethinking of the Western philosophical tradition. This is philosopy as it has never been seen before.

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Metaphors We Live By

Rating: 5 / 5 | Prijs: € 15

George lakoff and mark johnson suggest that basic metaphors used in everyday speech not only affect the way we communicate ideas but actually structure our perceptions and understandings from the beginning people use metaphors every time they speak some of those metaphors are literary devices f Op voorraad. Voor 23:59 uur besteld, zaterdag in huis .. MEER INFO

Women, Fire, and Dangerous Things

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Societas- Your Brain's Politics

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At first glance issues like economic inequality healthcare climate change and abortion seem unrelated however when thinking and talking about them people reliably fall into two camps conservative and liberal what explains this divide why do conservatives and liberals hold the positions the Uiterlijk 9 januari in huis .. MEER INFO

Taal: en

Bindwijze: Paperback

Oorspronkelijke releasedatum: 08 oktober 1999

Aantal pagina's: 640

Illustraties: Nee

Hoofdauteur: George Lakoff

Tweede Auteur: Mark Johnson

Hoofduitgeverij: Basic Books

Editie: New edition

Extra groot lettertype: Nee

Product breedte: 185 mm

Product hoogte: 44 mm

Product lengte: 235 mm

Studieboek: Ja

Verpakking breedte: 192 mm

Verpakking hoogte: 47 mm

Verpakking lengte: 236 mm

Verpakkingsgewicht: 1104 g

EAN: 9780465056743

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