The middle ages series inventing the berbers.

Books boeken ramzi rouighi university pennsylvania press paperback februari 2022: Before the Arabs conquered northwest Africa in the seventh century Ramzi Rouighi asserts there were no Berbers. There were Moors Mauri Mauretanians Africans and many tribes and tribal federations such as the Leuathae or Musulami and before the Arabs no one thought that these groups shared a common ancestry culture or language.

Certainly there were groups considered barbarians by the Romans but Barbarian or its cognate Berber was not an ethnonym nor was it exclusive to North Africa. Yet today it is common to see studies of the Christianization or Romanization of the Berbers or of their resistance to foreign conquerors like the Carthaginians Vandals or Arabs.

Archaeologists and linguists routinely describe proto-Berber groups and languages in even more ancient times while biologists look for Berber DNA markers that go back thousands of years. Taking the pervasiveness of such anachronisms as a point of departure Inventing the Berbers examines the emergence of the Berbers as a distinct category in early Arabic texts and probes the ways in which later Arabic sources shaped by contemporary events imagined the Berbers as a people and the Maghrib as their home.

Key both to Rouighis understanding of the medieval phenomenon of the berberization of North Africa and its reverberations in the modern world is the Kitab al-ibar of Ibn Khaldun d. 1406 the third book of which purports to provide the history of the Berbers and the dynasties that ruled in the Maghrib.

As translated into French in 1858 Rouighi argues the book served to establish a racialized conception of Berber indigenousness for the French colonial powers who erected a fundamental opposition between the two groups thought to constitute the native populations of North Africa Arabs and Berbers. Inventing the Berbers thus demonstrates the ways in which the nineteenth-century interpretation of a medieval text has not only served as the basis for modern historical scholarship but also has had an effect on colonial and postcolonial policies and communal identities throughout Europe and North Africa.

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